Indus Waters Treaty: Director Climate Ministry Hails Historic Model of Water Equity
The Indus Waters Treaty remains a historic model of water equity and peaceful dispute resolution in South Asia, says Climate Ministry Director Muhammad Azeem Khoso, warning against unilateral suspension.
The Indus Waters Treaty continues to stand as a historic example of equitable water distribution and peaceful dispute resolution in South Asia, Director (Urban Affairs) at Pakistan’s Ministry of Climate Change and Environmental Coordination, Muhammad Azeem Khoso, said on Saturday. he underscored that the Indus Waters Treaty represents not only a water-sharing framework between Pakistan and India but also a foundational pillar of regional stability and diplomacy.
Background of the Indus Waters Treaty
The Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960 between Pakistan and India, with the mediation of the World Bank.
The agreement was crafted to permanently resolve water disputes that emerged after the 1947 partition of the subcontinent. Its primary objective was to ensure long-term water security, agricultural sustainability, and political stability in the region.
Over six decades later, the Indus Waters Treaty remains one of the most durable water-sharing agreements globally.
Water Distribution Under the Indus Waters Treaty
Under the treaty framework:
- India was allocated rights over the three eastern rivers — Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej.
- Pakistan was granted rights over the three western rivers — Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab.
This structured division enabled both countries to manage irrigation systems, hydropower projects, and agricultural development in an organized and predictable manner.
According to Muhammad Azeem Khoso, the Indus Waters Treaty ensured that water resources were distributed equitably, preventing recurring crises and fostering economic planning.
Legal Status of the Indus Waters Treaty
The Director clarified that the Indus Waters Treaty cannot be suspended unilaterally by either party.
Under international treaty law:
- It is a duly signed and enforced agreement.
- It can only be amended or terminated through mutual consent.
- It is protected under international law principles and state responsibility frameworks.
He emphasized that the legal foundation of the Indus Waters Treaty remains strong and internationally recognized.
Dispute Resolution Mechanism
One of the key strengths of the Indus Waters Treaty is its structured and gradual dispute resolution process.
The treaty provides:
- Referral to the Permanent Indus Commission
- Escalation to a Neutral Expert
- International arbitration proceedings
This layered mechanism ensures disagreements are handled institutionally rather than politically.
Such a model of peaceful conflict management makes the Indus Waters Treaty a rare example of sustained bilateral cooperation in a historically tense region.
Role of the World Bank
The World Bank serves as a guarantor and facilitator under the treaty framework.
While not an enforcement authority, the institution plays a mediating role in dispute resolution processes when required.
Muhammad Azeem Khoso stated that the international community bears responsibility to uphold and respect the treaty, discouraging unilateral actions that may destabilize the region.
Risks of Unilateral Suspension
The Director warned that any attempt to suspend the Indus Waters Treaty unilaterally could have serious consequences, including:
- Reduced agricultural productivity
- Food security challenges
- Disruptions in hydropower generation
- Environmental imbalance
- Public unrest and political instability
Given that millions of livelihoods depend on the Indus River system, any disruption could significantly impact economic stability in Pakistan.
Nuclear Context and Regional Sensitivity
Replying to a question regarding regional tensions, Muhammad Azeem Khoso pointed out that both Pakistan and India possess nuclear capabilities.
He cautioned that unlawful or provocative steps concerning the Indus Waters Treaty could heighten tensions in South Asia.
However, he reiterated Pakistan’s commitment to:
- International law
- Diplomatic engagement
- Peaceful resolution of disputes
According to him, respect for agreements remains the only guarantee of sustainable peace in the region.
Water Security as a Regional Peace Issue
The Director stressed that water is not merely a bilateral issue but one closely linked to regional peace and human stability.
The Indus Waters Treaty demonstrates how shared natural resources can be managed through diplomacy rather than confrontation.
In a region facing climate change, glacier melt, and water scarcity, institutional frameworks like the treaty are becoming increasingly important.
Conclusion: A Pillar of Stability
The Indus Waters Treaty remains a historic and powerful model of water equity and peaceful dispute resolution in South Asia. More than six decades after its signing, it continues to regulate one of the world’s most complex river systems between two nuclear-armed neighbors.
Muhammad Azeem Khoso’s remarks reinforce that respect for international agreements is essential for regional peace, food security, and environmental sustainability.
In an era of increasing geopolitical uncertainty and climate stress, the Indus Waters Treaty stands as a testament to diplomacy’s enduring power.
External Links
- Official information on international dispute resolution at the World Bank: https://www.worldbank.org
- Overview of transboundary water governance at the United Nations: https://www.un.org
