Climate change and water resources in Pakistan
The Nation, Jul 21, 2022
Climate change is one of the most unavoidable issues of our time. It is affecting the earth in multiple ways; water scarcity is one of them. Climate change and depleting water resources have a deep relationship. An article titled “Water and Climate Change: 10 things you should know” published by UNICEF sheds light on ten water-related challenges; climate change can pose problems to humanity. It is said in the aforementioned article, that ‘from 2001 to 2018, 74 percent of natural disasters were akin to water such as floods and droughts. It further mentions that the deteriorating climate would intensify the severity of water-related challenges. It would be pertinent to explain the water challenges to Pakistan following climate change. The global climate risk index 2019 placed Pakistan in the top ten countries; most vulnerable to climate change. Pakistan’s geography consists of the Indus River Plain, the Northern Highlands, and the Balochistan Plateau.
Pakistan mainly depends upon the Indus Basin irrigation system. Indus River and its tributaries provide surface water to the Indus basin. Glacial and snowmelt and monsoon rainfall are important sources of water flow in the Indus basin. Approximately, 180 billion cubic meters of water is provided by the Indus Basin of which 165 billion cubic meters come from western rivers (Indus, Chenab, and Ravi) and 15 billion cubic meters from eastern rivers. According to a report, irrigation canals consume 90 percent of water, and the remaining is diverted to industrial and domestic sectors. Sadly, the per capita water storage capacity of Pakistan is 150 cubic meters which is less than India, China, Morocco, and the US. Additionally, Pakistan’s capacity to store water in the Indus basin is confined to only 30 days.
An interesting book titled “Water Resources of Pakistan: Issues and Impacts” discusses Pakistan’s water woes at length. This book is composed of different research papers covering various dimensions of water issues in Pakistan. Chapter six of this book titled “Pakistan’s water resources in the era of climate change” explains climate change’s nexus with the water resources of Pakistan. Most importantly, this chapter illustrates the threats of climate change that may have a direct bearing on water resources. Five important threats of climate change have been identified including temperature rise, erratic precipitation patterns, floods and droughts, glacier melting and sea level rise, and seawater intrusion in the Indus Delta.
Firstly, we talk about the threat of rising temperatures. The authors of the sixth chapter mention the study of Su Buda, J. Huang, et al. which augurs the continuous rise of temperature over the Indus basin. They have used different representative concentration pathways (RCPs) like RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 to ascertain the mean annual temperature over IB (Indus Basin). All three RCPs have projected a rise in annual mean temperature but at different levels. RCP 2.6 predicts a 1.2°C rise, RCP 4.5 projects 1.93°C, and RCP 8.5 shows a 2.71°C increase during 2046-2065. Similarly, the same RCPs show rise in temperature by 1.1 °C, 2.49°C, and 5.19 °C respectively during 2081-2100.
Secondly, it is important to discuss erratic precipitation patterns. Precipitation is one of the important parameters for evaluating climate water balance. Su Buda, J. Huang et al. have studied the future of annual precipitation patterns over the Indus basin. Under RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, they have analysed the mid (2046-2065) and late twenty-first century (2081-2100). Putting RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 before, the findings suggest a rise of 3.2 percent, 0.1 percent, and 6.2 percent respectively in the mid-century. Furthermore, the same RCPs predict a rise of 5.6 percent, 4.0 percent, and 7.8 percent respectively in the late century.
Thirdly, extreme events like floods and droughts are also a big threat to Pakistan. As we know that intense rain leads to floods and a shortage of it paves way for droughts. Floods in Pakistan are mainly motivated by heavy rainfall during monsoon. The Federal Flood commission’s report shows that from 1950 to 2009, Pakistan witnessed a whopping $20 billion loss due to floods. Furthermore, the flood badly damaged an area of 407,132 km2. Various studies hint at the possibilities of droughts in Sindh and Balochistan.
Fourthly, glacier melting is another challenge of climate change. The Himalayan, Hindu-Kush, and Karakoram ranges shape Pakistan’s Northern Highlands. The region of Hindukush-Himalaya is known as the “Asian Water Tower”. The Hindu Kush-Himalaya region 
influences regional and global climate systems. The Indus basin comprises 18,495 glaciers, and the area IB covers is around 21,192 km2. Palpably, 80 percent of the flow to the Indus River is ensured by the glacial and snowmelt in the upper Indus basin. Climate change is shrinking the glaciers including in the Hindukush and Himalaya ranges. Importantly, glacial and snowmelt provide water to one-sixth of the world. Pakistan heavily relies on the Indus River for domestic, industrial, and agricultural needs. The impact of climate change on glaciers would affect water availability.
Lastly, climate change is affecting the sea level and causing the intrusion of seawater into the Indus Delta. Rising sea level would pave way for floods and mar the productivity of agricultural land. It may make seawater intrusions possible which consequently leads to the erosion of land. According to a study, seawater’s interaction has reduced 12 percent of the total cultivable land of Sindh.
Climate change poses a serious threat to water resources. Water availability is direly needed for the industrial, domestic, and agricultural development of the country. Rising temperature, changing precipitation patterns, glacier melting, floods, droughts, and rising sea level are results of climate change. Pakistan lacks the vision to combat climate change on the one hand and lacks managerial skills on the other. Shortage of water and mismanagement of water both are deleterious to the country’s survival. Some of the measures are mentioned in the above-mentioned chapter six. First, making people aware of climate change and water management is the need of the hour. Secondly, a robust system of early warnings must be put in place. Third, progressive farmers must be given incentives. Fourth, an efficient system of governance is needed for capacity building, cooperation among provinces and water pricing. Fifth, water quality and renewable energy must be a priority. Sixth, heat-resistant crops must be grown. Last but not least is that climate adaptation policies must be implemented.
English
العربية
简体中文
Français
Deutsch
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Русский
Español
Türkçe
This platform allows you to get in touch with workers for temporary risky jobs.
Clients may quickly set up help for specialized requirements.
All contractors are experienced in executing critical activities.
hitman-assassin-killer.com
The website ensures discreet interactions between employers and contractors.
When you need immediate help, this website is ready to help.
Post your request and get matched with the right person today!
Il nostro servizio permette l’ingaggio di operatori per incarichi rischiosi.
I clienti possono selezionare operatori competenti per operazioni isolate.
Le persone disponibili vengono verificati con severi controlli.
ordina omicidio
Attraverso il portale è possibile leggere recensioni prima di procedere.
La professionalità continua a essere la nostra priorità.
Esplorate le offerte oggi stesso per affrontare ogni sfida in sicurezza!
This website, you can access a wide selection of casino slots from leading developers.
Players can try out classic slots as well as feature-packed games with vivid animation and bonus rounds.
Even if you’re new or a seasoned gamer, there’s always a slot to match your mood.
casino
All slot machines are available round the clock and optimized for desktop computers and mobile devices alike.
You don’t need to install anything, so you can start playing instantly.
Platform layout is user-friendly, making it quick to browse the collection.
Sign up today, and enjoy the world of online slots!
На нашем ресурсе вы можете обнаружить рабочую копию сайта 1хбет без проблем.
Систематически обновляем доступы, чтобы предоставить свободное подключение к платформе.
Открывая резервную копию, вы сможете пользоваться всеми функциями без рисков.
1xbet-official.live
Наш сайт обеспечит возможность вам безопасно получить новую ссылку 1xBet.
Нам важно, чтобы любой игрок смог не испытывать проблем.
Следите за обновлениями, чтобы всегда быть онлайн с 1хбет!
Этот сайт — подтверждённый цифровой магазин Bottega Veneta с отгрузкой по стране.
Через наш портал вы можете приобрести фирменную продукцию Боттега Венета с гарантией подлинности.
Каждый заказ имеют гарантию качества от бренда.
bottega-official.ru
Доставление осуществляется в кратчайшие сроки в любую точку России.
Бутик онлайн предлагает выгодные условия покупки и лёгкий возврат.
Положитесь на официальном сайте Боттега Венета, чтобы чувствовать уверенность в покупке!
在此页面，您可以聘请专门从事临时的高风险任务的专业人士。
我们汇集大量可靠的任务执行者供您选择。
不管是何种复杂情况，您都可以安全找到胜任的人选。
雇佣一名杀手
所有作业人员均经过筛选，确保您的机密信息。
任务平台注重安全，让您的特殊需求更加安心。
如果您需要更多信息，请随时咨询！
At this page, you can explore trusted CS:GO gaming sites.
We list a diverse lineup of wagering platforms centered around Counter-Strike: Global Offensive.
Every website is handpicked to secure trustworthiness.
csgo gambling sites
Whether you’re new to betting, you’ll conveniently discover a platform that fits your style.
Our goal is to assist you to enjoy only the best CS:GO gambling websites.
Start browsing our list now and elevate your CS:GO playing experience!
На этом сайте вы найдёте всю информацию о партнёрской программе: 1win partners.
Доступны все аспекты сотрудничества, требования к участникам и ожидаемые выплаты.
Все части детально описан, что позволяет легко понять в особенностях работы.
Также доступны ответы на частые вопросы и подсказки для первых шагов.
Информация регулярно обновляется, поэтому вы можете быть уверены в точности предоставленных материалов.
Источник поможет в исследовании партнёрской программы 1Win.
This website makes it possible to find professionals for temporary hazardous jobs.
Clients may quickly arrange help for particular situations.
All contractors are experienced in dealing with complex tasks.
assassin for hire
The website ensures private connections between employers and workers.
When you need urgent assistance, this platform is here for you.
Post your request and connect with the right person instantly!
Il nostro servizio rende possibile il reclutamento di lavoratori per lavori pericolosi.
I clienti possono ingaggiare operatori competenti per missioni singole.
Le persone disponibili sono valutati con severi controlli.
assumi un sicario
Attraverso il portale è possibile visualizzare profili prima di procedere.
La fiducia resta la nostra priorità.
Iniziate la ricerca oggi stesso per ottenere aiuto specializzato!
Looking to hire experienced workers available for temporary dangerous jobs.
Require a freelancer for a high-risk task? Connect with vetted experts via this site for urgent dangerous operations.
hire an assassin
This website connects employers to trained workers willing to accept hazardous short-term roles.
Hire background-checked contractors to perform dangerous duties safely. Ideal when you need last-minute scenarios requiring safety-focused skills.
Looking to hire experienced professionals ready for one-time hazardous projects.
Require a specialist for a perilous task? Find trusted experts via this site for critical dangerous work.
github.com/gallars/hireahitman
This website links businesses to licensed workers willing to take on hazardous temporary gigs.
Recruit verified freelancers for risky jobs securely. Perfect for last-minute scenarios requiring safety-focused skills.
在本站，您可以聘请专门从事临时的高危工作的执行者。
我们提供大量技能娴熟的工作人员供您选择。
无论需要何种挑战，您都可以安全找到胜任的人选。
chinese-hitman-assassin.com
所有合作人员均经过审核，维护您的隐私。
任务平台注重匿名性，让您的危险事项更加无忧。
如果您需要具体流程，请随时咨询！
Our service offers you the chance to hire workers for occasional high-risk missions.
You can efficiently arrange help for specialized operations.
All workers are trained in handling intense operations.
rent a hitman
This site guarantees secure arrangements between clients and workers.
Whether you need immediate help, the site is the right choice.
Create a job and get matched with the right person today!
Here, you can find a wide selection of slot machines from leading developers.
Players can enjoy traditional machines as well as new-generation slots with vivid animation and bonus rounds.
Even if you’re new or a seasoned gamer, there’s a game that fits your style.
money casino
All slot machines are instantly accessible anytime and compatible with PCs and tablets alike.
You don’t need to install anything, so you can get started without hassle.
Platform layout is user-friendly, making it simple to explore new games.
Join the fun, and dive into the thrill of casino games!
Individuals contemplate suicide because of numerous causes, frequently stemming from severe mental anguish.
The belief that things won’t improve can overwhelm someone’s will to live. Frequently, lack of support contributes heavily in this decision.
Mental health issues impair decision-making, preventing someone to recognize options for their struggles.
how to commit suicide
External pressures could lead a person closer to the edge.
Lack of access to help may leave them feeling trapped. It’s important to remember that reaching out makes all the difference.
您好，这是一个成人网站。
进入前请确认您已年满十八岁，并同意遵守当地法律法规。
本网站包含成人向资源，请谨慎浏览。 色情网站。
若不接受以上声明，请立即退出页面。
我们致力于提供健康安全的网络体验。
Searching for a person to take on a rare hazardous assignment?
Our platform specializes in linking clients with freelancers who are willing to perform serious jobs.
If you’re dealing with emergency repairs, hazardous cleanups, or complex installations, you’re at the perfect place.
Every listed professional is pre-screened and qualified to ensure your security.
rent a hitman
We provide transparent pricing, comprehensive profiles, and secure payment methods.
No matter how challenging the scenario, our network has the skills to get it done.
Start your quest today and find the perfect candidate for your needs.
On the resource helpful content about how to become a cyber specialist.
Data is shared in a easily digestible manner.
It explains diverse strategies for accessing restricted areas.
In addition, there are concrete instances that reveal how to carry out these competencies.
how to become a hacker
Complete data is often renewed to match the recent advancements in data safeguarding.
Special attention is paid to applied practice of the acquired knowledge.
Be aware that any undertaking should be applied lawfully and in a responsible way only.
The platform you can find unique special offers for 1x Bet.
These bonuses provide an opportunity to acquire supplementary benefits when making wagers on the platform.
All existing promo deals are frequently checked to ensure their validity.
By applying these offers it allows to boost your opportunities on 1xBet.
https://www.radio-rfe.com/content/pages/periodicheskie_proverki_zdaniy_chto_o_nih_nughno_znaty.html
Besides, comprehensive manuals on how to activate promo deals are given for user-friendly experience.
Note that particular bonuses may have time limits, so review terms before activating.
This site you can discover limited voucher codes for a top-rated betting company.
Our collection of bonus opportunities is regularly updated to guarantee that you always have availability of the fresh offers.
With these special offers, you can reduce expenses on your gambling activities and amplify your potential of gaining an edge.
All special offers are diligently inspected for validity and efficiency before being shared.
https://www.joiwo.com/af/pag/dizayn_arok_v_kvartire.html
In addition, we offer thorough explanations on how to put into action each discount offer to improve your benefits.
Keep in mind that some bargains may have certain requirements or limited availability, so it’s fundamental to examine thoroughly all the aspects before using them.
Here you can discover relevant knowledge about ways of becoming a security expert.
Details are given in a easily digestible manner.
The site teaches diverse strategies for penetrating networks.
Plus, there are concrete instances that reveal how to execute these aptitudes.
how to learn hacking
Total knowledge is regularly updated to correspond to the contemporary changes in information security.
Extra care is devoted to operational employment of the gained expertise.
Note that all operations should be used legally and with moral considerations only.
Hello to our platform, where you can find special content created specifically for grown-ups.
All the resources available here is intended for individuals who are over 18.
Make sure that you are eligible before continuing.
suck
Explore a special selection of restricted content, and get started today!
This website offers various medications for home delivery.
You can securely buy health products from anywhere.
Our catalog includes everyday medications and more specific prescriptions.
Each item is provided by trusted distributors.
fildena 100 side effects
We maintain quality and care, with private checkout and prompt delivery.
Whether you’re filling a prescription, you’ll find safe products here.
Begin shopping today and get reliable online pharmacy service.
The platform can be found exclusive bonus codes for One X Bet.
Such codes allow to earn extra incentives when participating on the website.
All available promotional codes are frequently checked to maintain their usability.
With these codes one can significantly increase your possibilities on the betting platform.
https://internetretailingexpo-asia.com/wp-content/pgs/?postavschik_2013_recenziya.html
Besides, comprehensive manuals on how to implement special offers are provided for convenience.
Note that particular bonuses may have limited validity, so review terms before applying.
Looking for a person to handle a one-time dangerous job?
Our platform specializes in connecting clients with workers who are ready to tackle critical jobs.
Whether you’re handling urgent repairs, unsafe cleanups, or risky installations, you’ve come to the right place.
Every listed professional is pre-screened and qualified to ensure your safety.
hire a hitman
We offer transparent pricing, detailed profiles, and safe payment methods.
No matter how difficult the scenario, our network has the skills to get it done.
Begin your search today and locate the ideal candidate for your needs.
1xBet is a top-tier sports betting provider.
With a wide range of sports, 1XBet meets the needs of countless users worldwide.
The 1XBet app is designed for both Android devices and iPhone players.
https://silalawyers.com/wp-content/pages/oborona_hely_1939_ukreplennyy_rayon_hely.html
It’s possible to get the mobile version through the official website or Play Store on Android devices.
Apple device owners, the application is available via the official iOS store easily.
Our platform makes available a wide range of prescription drugs for online purchase.
Anyone can quickly get needed prescriptions from your device.
Our catalog includes everyday solutions and targeted therapies.
All products is acquired via licensed pharmacies.
vibramycin monohydrate
We maintain customer safety, with secure payments and timely service.
Whether you’re looking for daily supplements, you’ll find trusted options here.
Visit the store today and enjoy trusted support.
1xBet Promotional Code – Exclusive Bonus up to $130
Apply the 1XBet bonus code: 1XBRO200 while signing up on the app to access the benefits provided by 1XBet to receive 130 Euros as much as 100%, for sports betting and a 1950 Euros including free spin package. Open the app then continue by completing the registration process.
This 1XBet promotional code: 1xbro200 provides a great welcome bonus to new players — full one hundred percent up to 130 Euros during sign-up. Promo codes serve as the key to unlocking bonuses, also One X Bet’s promotional codes aren’t different. When applying such a code, players have the chance of several promotions at different stages in their gaming adventure. Although you aren’t entitled for the welcome bonus, One X Bet India makes sure its regular customers receive gifts with frequent promotions. Check the Promotions section on the site often to keep informed on the latest offers designed for existing players.
1xbet promo code birthday
Which 1xBet bonus code is now valid today?
The promotional code relevant to 1xBet is Code 1XBRO200, which allows new customers signing up with the bookmaker to unlock a bonus of 130 dollars. To access unique offers pertaining to gaming and bet placement, kindly enter this special code concerning 1XBET in the registration form. To make use from this deal, future players must input the bonus code 1XBET at the time of registering procedure for getting a 100% bonus applied to the opening contribution.
Here, access a variety of 18+ content.
Every video professionally organized providing maximum satisfaction for users.
In need of particular categories or casually exploring, this resource has something tailored to preferences.
threesome
Latest updates are added regularly, so that the collection current.
Entry to the full range limited for members aged 18+, maintaining standards and safety measures.
Check back often for new releases, since this site continues to grow regularly.
1XBet Bonus Code – Special Bonus as much as €130
Use the 1XBet promo code: 1xbro200 when registering via the application to access special perks provided by 1XBet to receive €130 maximum of a full hundred percent, for sports betting plus a 1950 Euros including 150 free spins. Launch the app then continue by completing the registration steps.
This 1xBet promotional code: 1XBRO200 gives a great starter bonus for new users — a complete hundred percent as much as $130 once you register. Promo codes serve as the key for accessing rewards, and 1xBet’s promo codes are no exception. When applying this code, bettors may benefit of several promotions throughout their journey within their betting activity. Although you’re not eligible to the starter reward, 1xBet India ensures its loyal users are rewarded via ongoing deals. Look at the Deals tab via their platform frequently to stay updated about current deals meant for loyal customers.
https://wiki.worldrankedlist.com/profile.php?user=alicia-ziesemer-143184&do=profile
What One X Bet bonus code is currently active right now?
The promotional code for 1XBet stands as 1XBRO200, which allows novice players signing up with the betting service to access an offer of $130. For gaining special rewards pertaining to gaming and bet placement, please input our bonus code concerning 1XBET during the sign-up process. In order to benefit of this offer, potential customers should enter the bonus code 1xbet while signing up procedure to receive a 100% bonus for their first payment.
Здесь вы можете найти актуальные промокоды для Melbet.
Используйте их во время создания аккаунта на платформе для получения до 100% при стартовом взносе.
Плюс ко всему, можно найти бонусы по активным предложениям и постоянных игроков.
промокод мелбет на сегодня
Следите за обновлениями на странице бонусов, не пропустив особые условия для Мелбет.
Каждый бонус тестируется на валидность, что гарантирует надежность в процессе применения.
Here, you can discover a wide range internet-based casino sites.
Interested in well-known titles or modern slots, there’s a choice for any taste.
All featured casinos checked thoroughly for safety, allowing users to gamble with confidence.
vavada
Additionally, this resource offers exclusive bonuses and deals targeted at first-timers as well as regulars.
Thanks to user-friendly browsing, locating a preferred platform takes just moments, enhancing your experience.
Stay updated regarding new entries by visiting frequently, since new casinos appear consistently.
1XBet Bonus Code – Special Bonus up to $130
Apply the 1XBet promotional code: 1XBRO200 when registering on the app to avail special perks offered by 1xBet and get welcome bonus up to a full hundred percent, for placing bets plus a 1950 Euros with 150 free spins. Start the app then continue by completing the registration steps.
The One X Bet bonus code: 1xbro200 provides an amazing sign-up bonus to new players — 100% as much as $130 during sign-up. Promotional codes serve as the key for accessing extra benefits, also One X Bet’s promotional codes aren’t different. After entering the code, users can take advantage of several promotions in various phases of their betting experience. Although you aren’t entitled to the starter reward, 1XBet India ensures its loyal users get compensated through regular bonuses. Visit the Offers page on their website often to keep informed on the latest offers tailored for current users.
1xbet promo code check
What 1XBet promotional code is currently active at this moment?
The promo code relevant to 1XBet equals 1XBRO200, permitting novice players signing up with the betting service to gain a bonus of $130. To access unique offers for casino and wagering, please input our bonus code related to 1XBET in the registration form. To make use of this offer, prospective users need to type the promo code Code 1xbet at the time of registering step to receive a 100% bonus on their initial deposit.
Our platform provides many types of medications for easy access.
Anyone can easily get health products from anywhere.
Our product list includes everyday medications and more specific prescriptions.
Each item is sourced from verified suppliers.
vidalista reviews
We ensure user protection, with data protection and prompt delivery.
Whether you’re filling a prescription, you’ll find safe products here.
Visit the store today and experience trusted access to medicine.